Distinguished Lecturers
William D. Carrigan

This lecture and discussion explores the importance of the Reconstruction era for understanding the American Civil War. Once firmly linked in the public’s imagination, the Civil War has been divorced from Reconstruction over the past half-century in popular culture. The public has become comfortable ending the story of the Civil War at Appomattox with the Union secured and slavery destroyed. They have been much less comfortable with the story of Reconstruction, which is now understood as a tragic era without a happy ending. Yet, it can be argued that Reconstruction shaped the United States far more deeply than did the Civil War. It was Reconstruction that gave meaning to the Civil War. Reconstruction determined what kind of Union had been preserved, what the end of slavery meant, and what types of violence would and would not continue in the former Confederacy. In sum, Reconstruction determined exactly what the deaths of so many had actually accomplished. In exploring the significance of Reconstruction, the session will deconstruct some of the myths about the period that have emerged among the general public, myths that make students disinterested in studying this critical era in American history.

This is an overview of one of Carrigan's current research projects with Clive Webb. It explores the reasons that some attempted lynchings ended in failure while others ended in the murder of the victim, focusing on those individuals who stood up to the assembled mob, often at risk of injury.

Despite a rich and rewarding academic literature on Reconstruction in the past half century, popular knowledge of the period following the Civil War remains very limited or flawed. This is in part because media and popular literature since the 1960s have focused on the Civil War and largely left the troubling story of Reconstruction untouched. Ken Burns' The Civil War may be the most famous example of this phenomenon, but one could say the same thing about films such as Glory, Cold Mountain, and Lincoln. By comparison, Reconstruction was central in the early twentieth century films such as The Birth of a Nation and Gone with the Wind. Capitalizing on the ongoing 150th anniversary of this era, this lecture discusses the reasons for this popular retreat from engagement with the Reconstruction era, focusing on three "myths" held by many entering college students, namely that Reconstruction is a regional story only about the South, that Reconstruction's failure was inevitable, and that Reconstruction was less radical and revolutionary than the Civil War.

Mob violence in the United States is usually associated with the southern lynch mobs who terrorized African Americans during the Jim Crow era. This lecture, based on the co-authored book of the same name with Clive Webb, uncovers a comparatively neglected chapter in the story of American racial violence, the lynching of persons of Mexican origin or descent. Over eight decades lynch mobs murdered hundreds of Mexicans, mostly in the American Southwest. Racial prejudice, a lack of respect for local courts, and economic competition all fueled the actions of the mob. Sometimes ordinary citizens committed these acts because of the alleged failure of the criminal justice system; other times the culprits were law enforcement officers themselves. Violence also occurred against the backdrop of continuing tensions along the border between the United States and Mexico aggravated by criminal raids, military escalation, and political revolution. Through detailed case studies, the talk covers the characteristics and causes of mob violence against Mexicans across time and place and also relates the numerous acts of resistance by Mexicans, including armed self-defense, crusading journalism, and lobbying by diplomats who pressured the United States to honor its rhetorical commitment to democracy.

This accessible lecture designed for non-specialists explores what makes the discipline of history distinct from the other humanities and social sciences and argues for the importance of individuals and chance in shaping events. Using case studies that cover almost the entire breadth of the past but with a focus on American history, this lecture emphasizes the critical role of contingency in the course of the past while acknowledging the influence of factors such as geography, culture, and economics.

This lecture, designed for New Jersey audiences, explores the history of New Jersey in the sectional conflict and the Civil War. The only free state that gave a majority of its popular vote to Lincoln's opponents in both 1860 and 1864, New Jersey was regarded cooly by many in the Union during and after the Civil War. Yet, the state delivered food, forged weapons, and provided thousands and thousands of troops for the Union armies. This lecture explores the Janus-face of New Jersey during the Civil War and concludes by considering whether New Jersey should be considered more similar to the loyal border states such as Delaware and Maryland or more similar to the free states such as Pennsylvania and New York.

The brutal actions of lynch mobs in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries cannot be explained by a focus upon a small set of depraved individuals. Cheering crowds and silent observers from all walks of life allowed mob leaders to do their work. This lecture explores a question very similar to that investigated by historians of World War II -- why did ordinary Germans participate or stand by during the Holocaust? The complex answer focuses on the role of culture and historical memory while also considering the role of individual leaders in shaping events.